What are the best options in spring when wet falls prevent completion of fall strip-till? General Guide for Crop Nutrient Recommendations in Iowa. Banding in wet soil conditions will increase ruts, and wet soils can also increase losses if the soil does not close well over the band.
A new University of Illinois study revealed that strip-till was superior to no-till and increased yield in soybean. Application of solid or fluid fertilizer in narrow Phosphorusâ€"fertilizer rate (0, 10.7, 21.4, and 32.1 lb P/acre per year) was the subplot, and potassium-fertilizer rate (0, 37.5, 75, and 150 lb . As soon as I heard that, I remembered my Dad always used to say, "Putting extra P & K on (when times are good) is like putting money in the . The differences were smaller for soybean, and the two band placements often did not differ. For NH3 banding depth, Manitoba Agriculture soil . Double Band Placement: In double band placement method, fertilizer is placed and on both the sides of the row. The Deep Banding High Speed Nutrient Applicator by CrustBuster provides minimum soil disturbance while applying fertilizer in either no-till or conventional fields. Many agronomists believe that fertilizer placement can be important in reduced tillage systems like no-till and ridge-till. Found inside – Page 21Depending on soil and environmental factors, band applications of P may or may not be better than broadcast ... Consequently, fertilizer recommendations frequently do not differentiate between seed placement and deep banding in terms of ... Banding fertilizer in the fall is something we get more and more calls about every year, and I am starting to see why, it only makes sense. Shown is the depth of the deep banded fertilizer placed in 2018. The width options available range from 40', 45', 50' or 60' on CrustBuster’s proven heavy-duty frames, making it possible to cover large acreages in less time. The next key consideration to make when reviewing a fertilizer application is the Right Place, which in drought conditions is in a band placed 6.5 - 8 cm (approx. Our complete fertilizer application system helps you reap the benefits of deep band fertilizer; it adapts to most applications when liquid or dry fertilizer banding is preferred. This gave us the room we needed to put on an anhydrous ammonia tank for deep banding die fertilizer. The Nutri-Placer 930 has proven ground engaging components for optimal NH 3 placement. Found inside – Page 1333. Broadcast fertilizers are less effective in no-tillage than in tillage because soluble nutrients often bypass roots by infiltration occurring in preferential channels created by earthworms and decayed roots. 4. 'Deep-banding' of ... Currently, starter (N-P-K) fertilization is recommended only under special conditions such as in cold and wet soils and with heavy residue cover (see Iowa State University Extension Publication PM 1688, General Guide for Crop Nutrient Recommendations in Iowa). Some researchers believe that compared to broadcast application, deep banding improves nutrient availability, nutrient efficiency and yield. Management of phosphorus for crop production. Reading Time: 3 minutes A team at technology/consulting company Precision Planting has completed research that compares banding fertilizer applications to broadcasting. Band-applied 5 by 5 as well as surface band fertilizer application was completed with the planter using fertilizer application attachments. For more than a quarter of a century, the National No-Tillage Conference has been providing the practical tips and information you need to run a more successful no-till operation. Individual units are hydraulically raised and lowered and can apply active down pressure up to 1,000 lbs. The all new, Deep Banding High Speed Nutrient Applicator by CrustBuster provides minimum soil disturbance while applying fertilizer in either no-till or conventional fields.
Strip-tilled corn with additional starter-banded fertilizer followed no-till soybean.
Similarly, grain drills, such as the one pictured below, can be used to band fertilizer while planting small grains or perennial forage seedings. "But now what happens is we have people who want to go faster, so they shallow band. Interpreting results of the Mehlich-3 ICP Soil Phosphorus Test. The producers applied N fertilizer at face banding of P fertilizer has potential for reducing P or before planting (100-150 kg N ha21, depending on the site and year) as liquid urea-ammonium nitrate solution or This applicator has the capability to deep band NH3, liquid fertilizer and dry nutrients all in one pass at speeds around 10 mph. three years that encompassed a wide variety of cli-Fertilizer rates were 14 and 28 kg P ha21 (triple superphos-matic conditions. A number of questions are being raised concerning phosphorus (P) management as producers switch to minimum or no-tillage cropping systems. The deep-banded fertilizer was applied at the 5- to 6-inch depth in a .75-inch band in October or November 2010 and 2012, and May 2013 using strip tillage. Effect of the phosphorus placement on yield of ridge-till corn and soybean. - The Montag Family. For many of the most frequently applied nutrients, broadcast applications on the soil surface are often the most common method of application. Find Out More 6200 Twister Closing Wheel Twisted-spike design breaks up sidewalls and closes the seed trench in wet or ideal . The placements were side-banded with the planter (S), broad-MATERIALS AND METHODS cast (B), and deep-banded (D). Found inside – Page 394According to the authors of recent research from Urbana, Illinois, “Compared to no-till, strip-till can off er improved seedbed conditions and deep banding of fertilizer. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of rate ... Some of the benefits of deep banding three years worth of fertilizer that have already been noted are: No need to fertilize as often saving time and man-power in later seasons See fertilizer banding in action by clicking the corn planter image, below. Using a shank opener, the fertilizer is put in about five to six inches down, into moist soil, available to the plant root system, Coles says. Found inside – Page 14-6Banding fertilizer is a mechanical technique in which some device is used to open a furrow or trench and the fertilizer ... the use of deep banding to place fertilizer 15–20 cm deep below the row area has gained considerable interest. broadcast and deep banded fertilizers were applied in spring for all trials conducted in 1994 and in the fall thereafter. Also includ-ed is dual banding, or double shooting, which is placement of two fertilizers, usually nitrogen (N) and P, together in the band. Banding in dry soils can also increase gassing-off losses because soil does not provide a proper seal on the band. Port for dry, liquid or NH3 fertilizer; Seed port for dry or liquid fertilizer; Mid row port for dry or liquid fertilizer Designed for Seeding on the Palouse. In conservation tillage systems, band placement of fertilizer in the cereal root zone has commonly been reported to increase early plant growth and grain yield when compared to surface broadcast.
Found inside – Page 250Volatilization losses of nitrogen ammonia from surface applied fertilizers , organic amendments , and crop ... Technologies to solve K deficiency : Deep placement . ... Cotton response to deep banding dry fertilizer in the subsoil . One unit replaces two typical coulter openers and can run over 40,000 acres with minimum maintenance. In addition to a shank style applicator, it includes a High-speed Low Disturbance (HSLD) coulter option for optimal residue cover and greater productivity. However, this method may be costing growers more than it is worth. Join Soil Regen for farmer-first education, training, and networking to increase soil health and function, quality of life, and ROI. Planting on top of a fall-applied coulter-knife pass without applying fertilizer never influenced the yield of soybean under any tillage and of corn under ridge-till or chisel-plow tillage. Growers are faced with practical challenges of applying nitrogen fertilizer in… Download these helpful knowledge building tools, Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development :: ePublishing. Found inside – Page 10Food & Fertilizer Technology Center. Table 9. Changes in soil pH and organic matter content under various cropping patterns in Taiwan 1.66 1.32 Table 10. Effect of in - row deep ploughing with deep banding of fertilizer on corn yield ... Also, if you are a fertilizer dealer or a customer looking for coulters to mount on a K-Hart two row frame for deep banding fertilizer, or top dressing in standing crops, we have them! The P placement method seldom influenced grain yield for any crop or tillage. "Deep banding fertilizer still remains the golden standard," said Karamanos. Banding fertilizer reduces environmental losses compared to surface applied broadcast applications. Found inside – Page 257With deep banding , soil test P was very similar for the 0-7.5 cm and 7.5 to 15 cm depths . ... although high variability is expected under some conditions ( such as in no - till and with banded fertilization ) . Granular fertilizer can be broadcast (surface applied), broadcast-incorporated ("plowdown"), surface banded, or deep banded. Found inside – Page 137Conventional , surface - applied ( topdressing ) fertilization practices were compared to deep - banding in tillplant and no - till residue management systems . Fertilizer treatments included a check ( no fertilizer ) , deep - band ... Concentrating nutrients under the row allows better early season root interception and uptake leading to increased growth and vigor. A band application theoretically could further increase yield of row crops or reduce the optimum fertilization rate under some conditions. Download these helpful knowledge building tools, Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development :: ePublishing. Found insideEffect of In - row Subsoiling with Deep Banding of Fertilizers S. Lian ( it in ) , Taiwan Agr . Research Institute . J. Agr . Res . , China 37 ( 2 ) ( 1988 ) . Effects of in - row subsoiling with deep banding of fertilizers were tested ... Cutting Rates by Banding Fertilizer. No-Till Passport: No-Till Around the World, CrustBuster Deep Banding High Speed Nutrient Applicators_0921 copy, No-Tiller Gabe Brown Receives Prestigious $250K Heinz Award, Arkansas Study Shows Soybeans Yield 10.5% More with Cover Crop, John Deere UAW Members Ratify Deere's Third Tentative Agreement, EarthOptics Launches Soil Carbon Project to Measure, Label Carbon Sequestration, âAg Done Rightâ Pays Off for N.D. No-Tiller in More Ways than One, No-Till, Cover Crops and Cattle Bring Revenue to Offset Tight Margins, 5 Pillars for No-Till Farming Effectively, Efficiently, Making the Precision Basics Even Better with Implement Guidance, Focusing on Smarter, Sustainable Fertilizing Strategies, How No-Tilling Can Help Growers Ease Flooding Issues. This applicator has the capability to deep band NH3, liquid fertilizer and dry nutrients all in one pass at speeds around 10 mph. Our high capacity, auto steer fertilizer cart "steers" itself to precisely follow in the tracks of any implement, thereby staying off your rows. Deep Banding. Often, producers will utilize GPS guidance to plant directly over these . The Deep Banding High Speed Nutrient Applicator by CrustBuster provides minimum soil disturbance while applying fertilizer in either no-till or conventional fields. Found inside – Page 332332 Broder dressing also includes the injection of fertilizer into the soil between crop rows . ... Another type of band application is referred to as root zone or deep banding , the application of fertilizer 15 cm or more below the ... Options for Conventional Tilled N Fertilizer-Fall-N NH3 Fall-N Urea banded Fall-N Urea broadcast Spring broadcast UAN or Urea Banded UAN or Urea at seeding (2 X 2) Side-dress NH3 Side-dress UAN. Because of these observations, since 1994 more than 100 experiments were conducted at research farms and on producers' fields to study corn and soybean responses to the placement of granulated P and K fertilizers in no-till, ridge-till, and chisel-plow tillage systems. Found inside – Page 1333. Broadcast fertilizers are less effective in no-tillage than in tillage because soluble nutrients often bypass roots by infiltration occurring in preferential channels created by earthworms and decayed roots. 4. 'Deep-banding' of ... The latter problem was especially evident in the 2000 growing season. preplant or side-banding fer-tilizer to the side and/or below the seedrow are forms of deep banding. Montag Manufacturing. In our 30th anniversary year, we’re ready to do it again as our event returns to beautiful downtown Louisville, Ky., at the legendary Galt House Hotel. Found inside – Page 520One purpose of tillage is to incorporate fertilizers, so as tillage approaches have changed there has been a need to ... Much research regarding strip tillage and deep banding of fertilizer has been conducted over the past 20 years. Strip-tilling also allows for simultaneous deep band fertilizer application. The placement of deep banded fertilizer is 5-8 inches below the soil surface in a highly concentrated band. (2001) compared the effectiveness of broadcast to deep banding of annual and one-time P fertilizer applications on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Pop-up. (NT-B); and (v) no-till with surface band with the planter (NT-SB). below the soil surface in a highly concentrated band. The deep band applicator was custom-built to fit the floater. Individual units are hydraulically raised and lowered and can apply active down pressure up to 1,000 pounds. The likelihood of large responses to deep banding of K increases when latespring or early . Potassium placement and tillage effects on corn and soybean yields. It can result in production increases, but it can also produce greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3). As per banding fertilizer: yes you can get by with almost nothing if you have a good banding corn planter or drill.
When a . 2.5 to 3 inches) deep. Found inside – Page 130A variation of banded fertilizer application . Deep Banding Fertilization Definition : Deep banding refers to preplant applications of nutrients placed 2 to 6 inches below the soil surface . Some applications are deeper , as much as 15 ... The differences between the placements were similar for K rates ranging from 35 to 140 lb K2O/acre. The corn response to deep band K usually was larger and more consistent for ridge-till fields than for the other tillage systems, and in many trials even high rates of broadcast K did not increase yield at all over the control. Deep band. It is unclear how deep-band fertilizer placement influences N 2 O emission and maize (Zea mays L.) yield, and the production and diffusion of N 2 O within the soil profile under deep-band fertilizer placement treatments. 2 shows data for producers' ridge-till fields. Thus, Iowa fertilizer recommendations have focused on broadcast fertilization. Banding can Farmers are interested in the use of enhanced efficiency phosphorus (P) fertilizer applications or treatments. Can deep-band replace broadcast altogether? Some seeds are on the soil shelf created by the opener. From 2001 to 2006, we tested the response of multiple corn hybrids (two each year) to broadcast versus deep-banded P and/or K (at a single high rate) and control treatments on a dark prairie silty clay loam soil near West Lafayette, IN. Applying fertilizers in bands, 5 to 8 or more centimeters from the row and 5 to 8 or more centimeters below the surface. Deep Banding Fertilizer Improves Use Efficiency.
The trial will be run on wheat, canola, and peas, and will also . We believe it shouldn't be so difficult to make farming completely sustainable. "We're trying to figure out if it will work for other crops," said Ahmed. One unit replaces two typical coulter openers and can run over 40,000 acres with minimum maintenance. Dan Guenther, business development at Zimmerman Manufacturing, gives a walkthrough of the features of the Zimmerman Contour King ST strip-till unit. Often, producers will utilize GPS guidance to plant directly over these highly concentrated bands of nutrients. Nitrogen—Nitrogen fertilizer can be lost from soils by several mechanisms: volatilization, leaching, surface runoff, and erosion. Found inside – Page 10The deep - banding of fertilizers is being evaluated in 225 acres of corn , cotton , grain sorghum , and soybeans no - till planted on 22 farms in north Alabama . Work in Maryland showed that with a TVA - modified applicator ... Tillage/fertilizer placement was the main plot with no-till/broadcast (NTBC); no-till/deep band (NTDB); and strip-till/deep band (STDB); deep band placement was 15 cm beneath the planted row. Some ridge-tillers are placing fertilizer bands 5-6 inches deep, attempting to "take the fertility to the plant.". Read further and check out all our specifications and realize why more farmers are using K‑Hart coulters. Found inside – Page 110Another type of band application is referred to as “ root zone ” or “ deep ” banding . Deep banding is the application of fertilizer 6 or more in . ( 15.2 cm ) below the soil surface . The bands may or may not lie below the seed . In my mind's eye, I wanted that hot band of fertilizer 6-8 inches beneath that row. Closer wheel options include spiked, rubber or a 20-point Crumbler, all with adjustable angles. About 15 years ago, I started looking at research that showed a farmer could get by with approximately 30 percent less P & K when banding compared to broadcasting. The strip till implement used a coulter followed by a shank spaced every 30 cm, and fertilizer was placed at a depth of approximately 20 cm. Deep banding is already being practised in corn and soybean crops, where researchers found that when compared to broadcast fertilizer application and incorporation, deep banding improved nutrient uptake and increased yield. Concentrating these nutrients in bands could increase nutrient uptake in soils with unusually high capacity to fix P and K and when root growth is restricted by unfavorable soil conditions. Found inside – Page 417Deep placement of N fertilizer can be an effective strategy for increasing yield and for avoiding placing the fertilizer with the seed . Deep banding creates a zone of lower soil strength deeper in the soil and , combined with a ... Side-band - 1 Day After Seeding. This experiment compared sweet corn yield and profitability, weed management, and N loss to the environment from leaching and N2O flux in two tillage . Up to three-product capability injection tubes per unit allow for banding of NH3, liquid or dry nutrients. Read More. The units are equipped with DMR Technologiesâ Penetrator fertilizer coulter openers. (800) 262-3804, Iowa State University The Deep Banding High Speed Nutrient Applicator by CrustBuster provides minimum soil disturbance while applying fertilizer in either no-till or conventional fields. Phosphorus-fertilizer rate (0, 12, 24, and 36 kg P ha -1 yr -1) was the subplot, and K-fertilizer rate (0, 42, 84, and 168 kg K ha -1 yr -1) was the sub . Spelhaug said banding P fertilizer has several positive agronomic and economic advantages. Since many weeds are highly responsive to N fertility, deep-banding fertilizer may enhance weed suppression by placing resources beyond the reach of weeds emerging close to the soil surface. Previous research conducted in Iowa showed little advantage of banding P with the planter. State & National Extension Partners. This band can be placed at various distances from the seed. Across all fields and years, the corn yield advantage of the deep banding over the other two placement methods was approximately 8 bu/acre for ridge-till; 4 to 5 bu/acre for no-till, including data from producers' fields not shown in Fig. Found inside – Page 68A consequence of vertical stratification is that a standard soil testing depth (0.1 m) may overestimate the supply ... Banding. Fertilizer. Under traditional tillage practices, seed and fertilizer are placed together in the furrow and ... Buy online & pickup today! Found inside – Page 49In Australia, regardless of tillage-residue management, most seeding systems apply the fertilizer with the seed or at depth, and application may be split banded. Where “deep placement” occurs, the exact depth of placement varies between ... Deep banding fertilizer for no-till corn, in effect, becomes strip-till. The economic benefit of deep banding can be increased in two ways. P and K fertilizer placement: Should deep-band always be in the same position? 3). He made the . In contrast to results for P, deep K banding increased corn yield over the broadcast or planter-band placement. Second, we raised the seed/starter fertilizer box 10 inches using 10 inch channel iron. I explain how we are using variable-rate and advanced GPS technology to apply the proper amount of fertilizer to all of our acres and why this is beneficial . Figure 1 summarizes results for trials at the research farms that compared the three placements for no-till and chisel-plow tillage, and Fig. "China has supplied about a third of the world's phosphate, and it has essentially banned exports through 2022," Franzen continues.
Applying fertilizers in a band at the bottom of the plough furrow. Find Out More 2940 Air Adjust™ Row Cleaner Take pneumatic control from the cab and quickly adapt row cleaners to changing conditions. Published Feb 12, 1996. Shop Ace Hardware for grills, hardware, home improvement, lawn and garden, and tools. Particularly with no-till or ridge-till management, deep banding also could increase nutrient uptake and yield compared with broadcast or banding with the planter when the soil surface layer becomes drier. This result, and the fact that the coulter-knife pass increased early plant P uptake markedly (data not shown), suggest a direct or indirect effect of the coulter-knife pass on soil P availability in no-till. QUESTIONS? The crops were planted directly above the tilled knife track, except when soybean was drilled. Phosphorus (P) management in reduced tillage systems has been a great concern for farmers. However, the results showed no difference in . I've cut back 30 to 40% on fertilizer volume without any yield loss." The shanks are arranged in two rows 16 in. Can P and K rates be lowered? In each of the following four trials, deep banding had a .
Figure 4. Farmers who band urea must make sure they do it deep, says an agronomist and fertilizer specialist who has studied the consequences of shallow banding urea. Data for trials in producers' no-till fields are not shown because only the broadcast and deep-banding methods were compared and results were similar. Potassium deficiency symptoms in corn and soybean: What can we do about them?
is a family owned business focused on delivery systems for dry fertilizer begun when Roger Montag received a patent for dry fertilizer meter in 1988. Results of another study in a north central Iowa field testing very low in P (2 ppm) showed that at low P application rates (25 lb P2O5/acre) banding with the planter produces higher yields than broadcasting. We had some Ontario yield data lately, but I cant find that for you. Located in Emmetsburg, Iowa, Montag Mfg. However, when surface soil layers become drier, root development in deeper portions of the soil profile increases. His programs focus on agronomic and environmental issues of nutrient management with emphasis on phosphorus, potassium, lime, and micronutrients.
Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Manual, Second Edition - Page 174 Found inside – Page 57While this may only lead to inefficiency in the use of fertilizer and possible environmental concerns, ... Placement Potassium fertilizer may be surface broadcast with or without incorporation, shallow or deep banded prior to planting, ... response to deep application of K. Furthermore, subsur-10, where it was 91 cm. All rights reserved. -Accumulated Down-Pressure on Openers, Wings, & Tongue make for accurate seed depth & gives the operator control to adjust pressure while seeding in order to match field conditions. Nov 3, 2021. Strip-Till Corn Response to Deep Banding Versus Broadcast ... Deep banding increases fertilizer application costs, but the magnitudes of the yield responses suggest that deep banding will be costeffective in most ridgetill fields and in many notill fields, but not in a chiselplow system. This edition features increased emphasis on the relationships of fertilizer application and crop management to environmental quality. It is excellent for developing an understanding of agronomic principles and practices. The all new, Deep Banding High Speed Nutrient Applicator by CrustBuster provides minimum soil disturbance while applying fertilizer in either no-till or conventional fields.
4 data for ridge-till fields. For more efficient use of nitrogen fertilizer, reduction in nitrogen losses is required. Figure 1. Agronomic practices are constantly changing, and at a faster pace now than ever. Dec 19, 2011. The planter-banded fertilizer applied at research fmis was . Found inside – Page 314Application of nutrients in a deep band (e.g., 7 cm below seed level) appeared to be more effective for improving crop ... (1984) compared the effects of surface broadcasting and deep banding (5 cm depth) N. fertilizer in a no-tillage ... Depth: Band urea at least 2" deep. This open access book highlights concepts discussed at two international conferences that brought together world-renowned scientists to advance the science of potassium (K) recommendations for crops. A 2 X 2 band can make flexible rates possible.
Deep banding is a more efficient way to use fertilizer and my system saves field trips, conserving soil moisture. 2. Ames, IA 50011-2031 Nitrogen fertilizer is one of the greatest operational costs to producing canola. This applicator has the capability to deep band NH3, liquid fertilizer and dry nutrients all in one pass at speeds around 10 mph.
This article originally appeared on pages 166-168 of the IC-484(22) -- September 18, 2000 issue. When this happens, the portion of the root system actively taking up nutrients can be below the zone of highest nutrient concentration. Broadcast fertilization of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) is a popular and low-cost fertilizer application method. The list of terminology used and tools to create a fertilizer band is long. Deep-banded plus in-furrow-applied 10-34- rates were one-half of total P for other treatments. The results clearly show that deep banding K reduces the yield gap between the chisel-plow and no-till systems (Fig. Environmental Tillage Systems is a leading manufacturer of conservation-tillage and nutrient-management equipment which enhances soil productivity and farm profitability. Under normal conditions, corn grown with no-till or ridge-till draws a higher percentage of nutrients from the soil nearer the surface, because of the higher nutrient levels present. Thus, we conducted a field experiment in 2019-2020 with spring maize to study the effects of different fertilization depths of 5 cm (D5), 15 cm (D15), 25 cm (D25), and 35 cm . Fertilizer placement is an integral part of Broadcast—Broadcast fertilizer application refers to a Banding N fertilizer deep below plant residue often. Effect of the potassium placement on yield of ridge-till corn and soybean. banding of P and K, numerous questions remain about fertilizer rates, optimum deep-banding depth and frequency, whether to have a constant or changing band position over time, accompanying starter fertilizer and nitrogen (N) fertilizer delivery programs, and optimum soil Corn grain yield with deep-band (5-6 inches deep) applied 10-34-0, Carrington, 2010 . However, research in Minnesota during the early 1990s and farmers' observations suggested possible problems with broadcasting K for ridge-till corn that were not alleviated with starter fertilization. However, incorporation by water or three-inch tillage, or banding at least two inches deep are the best ways to ensure nitrogen fertilizer gets to the crop and is not lost to the air. With mid row banding, the dangers of fertilizer toxicity or salt effect are minimized, yet the plant has access to the nitrate from the fertilizer row when needed. MSU Extension specialist recommends deep banding or tillage to prevent nitrogen fertilizer loss MSU News Service 04/19/2016 Contact: Clain Jones (406) 994-6076 or [email protected] Summary: Urea and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) need to be banded at least two inches deep or tilled three inches deep to prevent nitrogen loss to the air. An ongoing on-farm project in no-till fields shows that a combination of fall strip tillage, anhydrous ammonia application, and deep banding of P and K produces higher yields and does not increase costs significantly compared with a separate broadcast P and K application. The response to deep-band K was explained by the deep-placed K because planting on top of the coulter-knife without K fertilization seldom increased yield over the check in the K trials (where P was uniformly applied at high rates). BUT BEWARE: liquid fertilizer cannot get you anywhere where u need to be. 3. This bulletin reviews, analyses and synthesizes information on the efficient use of soil and fertilizer P. It presents information on the plant availability of soil and fertilizer P, with an emphasis on soil plant interactions.
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