Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della Sera, 5 November 2019. spread Islam along the western shores of the Indian Ocean, List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean, Shankar, Vinayachandran & Unnikrishnan 2002, "Plane Search Shows World's Oceans Are Full of Trash", "New marine life found in deep sea vents", "Anthropology: The sad truth about uncontacted tribes", "Chagos Islands dispute: UK 'threatened' Mauritius", "Foreign Office quietly rejects International Court ruling to hand back Chagos Islands", "Ending the history of silence: reconstructing European slave trading in the Indian Ocean", "West Africa Pirates Seen Threatening Oil and Shipping", "The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African world-systems before the sixteenth century", "Indian Ocean food globalisation and Africa", "Local endemism within the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot", "Beyond the String of Pearls: Is there really a Security Dilemma in the Indian Ocean? The Indian Ocean is artificially connected to the Mediterranean Sea without ship lock through the Suez Canal, which is accessible via the Red Sea. We investigated temperature sensitivities of picophytoplankton growth along a natural 10°C (18-28°C) temperature gradient in the eastern Indian Ocean characterized by deep mixing and consistently low dissolved nitrogen. [71], A group of scientists have argued that two large-scale impact events have occurred in the Indian Ocean: the Burckle Crater in the southern Indian Ocean in 2800 BCE and the Kanmare and Tabban craters in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia in 536 CE. After the breakup of East Gondwana and the formation of Himalayas, the Ganges-Brahmaputra rivers flowed into the world's largest Bengal delta. The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are strongly affected by this system. [27], 40% of the sediment of the Indian Ocean is found in the Indus and Ganges fans. [43], Coral reefs, sea grass beds, and mangrove forests are the most productive ecosystems of the Indian Ocean — coastal areas produce 20 tones per square kilometre of fish. [87] During the two centuries that followed the reports of the explorers of Ptolemaic Egypt resulted in the best maps of the region until the Portuguese era many centuries later. L2. The Central Indian Ridge is intercepted by the Owen Fracture Zone. Pacific Ocean 150m depth-averaged Temperature. [82] This contributed to the devastating fire conditions Australia experienced in late 2019 and early 2020. Like the Indonesian people above, the western sailors used the monsoon to cross the ocean. Right: The India–Asia collision c. 40 Ma completed the closure of the, Preferred sailing routes across the Indian Ocean, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLindénSouter2005 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTelfordCosgrave2007 (. This has sparked a debate about the strategic implications of these investments. The temperature of 28 degrees Celsius/82 degrees Fahrenheit or higher is reached in coastal regions near the equator. Although the Ottomans shared the same religion as the trading communities in the Indian Ocean the region was unexplored by them. Slave trade also occurred in the eastern Indian Ocean before the Dutch settled there around 1600 but the volume of this trade is unknown. The IOD affects the climate of Australia and other countries that surround the Indian . [55] Warsangli linnet (Carduelis johannis) is an endemic bird found only in northern Somalia. The impact events must have disrupted human settlements and perhaps even contributed to major climate changes. The Silk Road runs with its connections from the Chinese coast and its large container ports to the south via Hanoi to Jakarta, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur through the Strait of Malacca via the Sri Lankan Colombo opposite the southern tip of India via Malé, the capital of the Maldives, to the East African Mombasa, from there to Djibouti, then through the Red Sea over the Suez Canal into the Mediterranean, there via Haifa, Istanbul and Athens to the Upper Adriatic to the northern Italian junction of Trieste with its international free port and its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe. Bahl, Christopher D. "Transoceanic Arabic historiography: sharing the past of the sixteenth-century western Indian Ocean.". Temperature data from the global ocean (2003-2012) at four depths shows the warmest water at depths of about 330-660 feet (third panel from top) in the . However, it picks up moisture across the Bay of Bengal and brings substantial precipitation to northeastern Sri Lanka in November and December. Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of Asia and parts of Africa, the Maldives were the only island group in the Central Indian Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished. Found inside – Page 94Conclusion ENSO and Indian dipole should be regarded as an air–sea coupled system in the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean. The Pacific–Indian Ocean temperature anomaly mode is presented. Comparing SSTA in the Pacific and Indian Ocean ... On the islands of the Indian Ocean, therefore, a trend of creolisation emerged. [54], Indo-Burma encompasses a series of mountain ranges, five of Asia's largest river systems, and a wide range of habitats. Two large gyres, one in the northern hemisphere flowing clockwise and one south of the equator moving anticlockwise (including the Agulhas Current and Agulhas Return Current), constitute the dominant flow pattern. In the Gulf of Aden, the Gulf of Tadjoura is located in Djibouti and the Guardafui Channel separates Socotra island from the Horn of Africa. Although the risk for future tsunamis is high, a major megathrust such as the one in 2004 is likely to be followed by a long dormant period. It eventually resulted in modern humans migrating from Sunda over Wallacea to Sahul (Southeast Asia to Australia). Matteo Bressan: Opportunities and challenges for BRI in Europe in Global Time, 2 April 2019. The unknown author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes this route, as well as the commodities that were traded along various commercial ports on the coasts of the Horn of Africa and India circa 1 CE. Global Ocean 150m depth-averaged Temperature. The Greeks began to explore the Indian Ocean following the conquests of Alexander the Great, who ordered a circumnavigation of the Arabian Peninsula in 323 BCE. 1 km. Metop-B/AVHRR. Part II: Results", 10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<0311:ASODAA>2.0.CO;2, Ecosystem Profile: Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot, 2011 Update, "Annual amphidromes: a common feature in the ocean? Indian Ocean - Indian Ocean - Upwelling: Upwelling is a seasonal phenomenon in the Indian Ocean because of the monsoon regime. [3], Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the marine ecosystem. Found inside – Page 293IOGOOS I [91009–91205] An array of about 450 floats is required to meet the Argo programme goal (describe ocean temperature and salinity variability down to 40◦S, roughly the southern boundary of the Indian Ocean proper). It grew in importance beginning in the 1960s and 1970s and, after the Cold War, it has undergone periods of political instability, most recently with the emergence of India and China as regional powers. [67], The Out of Africa theory states that Homo sapiens spread from Africa into mainland Eurasia. The Arabian Sea is connected to the Persian Gulf by the Gulf of Oman and the Strait of Hormuz. The Indonesian Throughflow is a unique Equatorial connection to the Pacific. It brings more than 360 mm of rain to the windward slopes of Sri Lanka in June. 30. From floral aesthetics to floraesthesis in the Southwest of Western Australia", "Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability", "The monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean", Coral reef degradation in the Indian Ocean: status report 2005, Joint evaluation of the international response to the Indian Ocean tsunami: Synthesis report, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) of Somalia, "Origin, dynamics and evolution of ocean garbage patches from observed surface drifters", "State of Knowledge of Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Indian Ocean Countries", "State of knowledge of coastal and marine biodiversity of Indian Ocean countries", "Global system of rivers: Its role in organizing continental land mass and defining land‐to‐ocean linkages", "A boundary exchange influence on deglacial neodymium isotope records from the deep western Indian Ocean", "The Indian Ocean Trade: A Classroom Simulation", List of countries where Arabic is an official language, Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests, Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&oldid=1055462529, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox body of water without alt, Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map, Articles using infobox body of water without image bathymetry, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 9,600 km (6,000 mi) (Antarctica to Bay of Bengal), 7,600 km (4,700 mi) (Africa to Australia). The water temperature in the Atlantic is also greatly affected by currents, most notably the Gulf Stream. It transports heat from the north atlantic to the indian ocean. Indian Ocean weather in June 2022. However, the Challenger expedition 1872–1876 only reported from south of the polar front. The IOD affects the climate of Australia and other countries that surround the Indian . The British captured the islands in 1810, however, and because the British had prohibited the slave trade in 1807 a system of clandestine slave trade developed to bring slaves to French planters on the islands; in all 336,000–388,000 slaves were exported to the Mascarene Islands from 1670 until 1848. Opposite signed SST conditions are found during the negative phase of the IOD (-ve IOD). [30], The inflow of deep water into the Indian Ocean is 11 Sv, most of which comes from the Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). [31], Water circulation in the Indian Ocean is dominated by the Subtropical Anticyclonic Gyre, the eastern extension of which is blocked by the Southeast Indian Ridge and the 90°E Ridge. Evidences for these impacts, the team argue, are micro-ejecta and Chevron dunes in southern Madagascar and in the Australian gulf. From then until the 1830s, c. 200 slaves were exported from Mozambique annually and similar figures has been estimated for slaves brought from Asia to the Philippines during the Iberian Union (1580–1640). The World Ocean consists of five other oceans, which are the Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Antarctic or Southern Ocean. [32], North of 20° south latitude the minimum surface temperature is 22 °C (72 °F), exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) to the east. Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. The evolution of Indian Ocean SSTs during the initiation and development of ENSO and its change-over time around the 1976-77 regime shift, illustrated in Fig. It's a haven for divers. For example, the goldband goatfish (Upeneus moluccensis) has replaced the red mullet (Mullus barbatus); since the 1980s huge swarms of scyphozoan jellyfish (Rhopilema nomadica) have affected tourism and fisheries along the Levantian coast and clogged power and desalination plants. The ocean then stretches south past the Antarctic Circle to the frigid continent of Antarctica. Found inside – Page 294Multivariate analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) variables in the western Indian Ocean (WIO) distinguished three broad temperature environments (Ateweberhan and McClanahan, 2010). These were: (1) the Arabian and Persian Gulfs with ... [64], A concept of an "Indian Ocean World" (IOW), similar to that of the "Atlantic World", exists but emerged much more recently and is not well established. The next climatic zone is the doldrum belt, or the intertropical convergence zone (ICZ), a somewhat ill-defined area of calm winds, ascendihg air, and low pressure. "This paper describes the procedure and results of a surface isotherm analysis of the North Indian Ocean for June 1920, a dry monsoon year, and June 1933, a wet monsoon year. [58], As the youngest of the major oceans,[59] the Indian Ocean has active spreading ridges that are part of the worldwide system of mid-ocean ridges. Upwelling occurs near the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula in the Northern Hemisphere and north of the trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere. You can drill down from year to month and even day level . Several distinct floristic regions, the Indian, Malesian, Sino-Himalayan, and Indochinese regions, meet in a unique way in Indo-Burma and the hotspot contains an estimated 15,000–25,000 species of vascular plants, many of them endemic. El Nino exerts prolonged influence on the Indian Ocean through the thermal capacitor effect. Which of the following statements about the global ocean conveyor belt is correct? [92], Malaysian Airlines Flight 370, a Boeing 777 airliner with 239 persons on board, disappeared on 8 March 2014 and is alleged to have crashed into the southern Indian Ocean about 2,500 km (1,600 mi) from the coast of southwest Western Australia. Colored Field. [60], The Indian Ocean, together with the Mediterranean, has connected people since ancient times, whereas the Atlantic and Pacific have had the roles of barriers or mare incognitum.
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